US deportations totaled about 980,000 from January 20, 2025, through July 31, 2026, during President Donald Trump’s second term, a Migration Policy Institute analysis found. Among people deported after at least two years in the United States, 71% had no criminal conviction.

Key Takeaways

  • The total includes both formal removals and returns by immigration and border authorities.
  • About 390,000 deportations involved people who had lived in the United States for at least two years, excluding border turnarounds.
  • MPI estimated that between 1.3 million and 2.4 million immigrants departed overall, including deportations and self-departures.

US deportations and criminal convictions

The Migration Policy Institute, or MPI, analyzed Department of Homeland Security data obtained through the Freedom of Information Act. Its figures cover deportations carried out by Immigration and Customs Enforcement and Customs and Border Protection.

Excluding deportations resulting from border turnarounds, 61% of ICE deportations involved people who had lived in the United States for at least two years. About 280,000 of those 390,000 people had no criminal conviction.

Across all 980,000 deportations by ICE or CBP, approximately 190,000, or 20%, involved a non-citizen convicted of a crime. Among formal removals, 31% involved people with convictions.

The pace and location of enforcement

MPI estimated an annualized pace of about 660,000 deportations for fiscal 2026, compared with an annualized 620,000 during the first year of the current Trump administration. The fiscal 2026 pace was 26% above the fiscal 2021–2024 average but below the administration’s goal of 1 million a year.

Of the 980,000 deportations, 69% involved unauthorized immigrants initially intercepted at the border. But deportations originating with arrests in US communities accounted for a growing share, rising from 28% in 2025 to 39% in July 2026.

About 170,000 deportations were ICE grants of voluntary departure or voluntary return, rather than formal removals.

Estimates of total departures

MPI estimated that between 790,000 and 1.9 million immigrants who had lived in the United States for at least a year departed during the period, including those deported and those who left on their own. Adding border turnarounds and other deportations of people present for less than a year raised the estimated range to 1.3 million to 2.4 million.

The institute said a comprehensive count is unavailable because DHS does not collect data on most land exits across the US-Mexico border. DHS has said more than 3 million unauthorized immigrants have left through deportation or self-departure since January 2025; MPI concluded that a total of 3 million immigrant departures was highly unlikely.

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